CETA - 1. Agricultural and food product tariff elimination (En)

Thanks to CETA's provisions the Parties will enjoy easier access to their various agricultural and food product markets, except for some politically sensitive products, such as poultry and eggs, which are fully excluded from CETA's scope.

1. The European Union's commitments

Upon entry into force of CETA, the EU will eliminate 94% of agricultural tariffs, with a 7 year transitional period for full elimination.

- Fresh, frozen and prepared fruits and vegetables.

This immediate elimination will apply to a wide variety of Canadian products such as fresh and frozen fruits like cherries (with current duties reaching 12%) and sweetened, dried cranberries (with current duties reaching 17.6%).

- Sweet Corn

Sweet corn will benefit from immediate free-duty quota access of 8,000 tonnes.

- Dairy products

As for the EU dairy market, access will be quota-free and duty-free.

- Grains

Tariffs on Canadian grains (such as barley, oats and wheat) will be progressively eliminated through the transitional 7 years period.

- Beef and pork

As for certain meat products tariff free quotas will apply: the EU commits to setting a duty-free in- quota access for 50,000 tonnes of beef and veal, and an in-quota duty-free access for 81,000 tonnes of pork.

- Fish and seafood products

For fish and seafood products, about 96% of EU's tariffs will be immediately eliminated and full elimination will occur 7 years later. Immediate elimination will apply to Canadian products such as cooked and peeled shrimp in retail packages (with current duties from a rate of 20%) Fresh, chilled and frozen mussels (with from rates up to 20%)

Key Canadian exports into the EU, such as shrimp and cod, will benefit from transitional tariff rate quotas (23,000 tonnes and 1,000 tonnes respectively).

- Rules of origin

Canada and the EU being the only parties to the CETA agreement, its trade benefits are meant to apply to Canadian and EU products only. The Agreement will therefore provide for rules of origin, ie rules that determine under which conditions a product may qualify as originating from either Canada or the EU. The idea is to prevent other countries that are not parties to CETA to indirectly benefit from its trade liberalizing provisions.

Though a majority of Canadian agricultural goods meet the rules of origin set out for such goods (qualifying therefore for duty-free treatment), CETA takes into account that there exist many products on the market with a higher proportion of imported inputs. To address this issue, the Agreement establishes more liberal rules of origin for a number of such products, ie, derogations to the rules of origin.

For example:

  1. Fish / seafood: lenient rules of origin will apply to certain Canadian products such as prepared and preserved salmon (for export up to 3,000 tonnes);
  2. Cooked and frozen lobster (for export up to 2,000 tonnes);
  3. Prepared and preserved sardines (for export up to 200 tonnes);
  4. Processed shrimp (for export up to 5,000 tonnes).
  5. An initial volume of 30,000 tonnes of high-sugar-containing products (such as flavored drink mixes, iced-tea mixes, instant hot chocolate and coffee) will benefit from flexible rules of origin upon entry into force of the Agreement. This volume will then increase to allow exportation of up to 51,840 tonnes of these products over a span of 15 years, following a progressive conditional growth mechanism.
  6. The derogation will also apply to chocolate and confisery (such as bubble gum, sugar candies and chocolate preparations) for up to 10,000 tonnes.
  7. Processed food (such as baked products, breakfast cereals, mixes and doughs, rice, pasta, and certain jellies) for up to 35,000 tonnes will also benefit from these more flexible rules.
  8. Cat and dog food, for up to 60,000 tonnes.

2. Canada's commitments

98.4% of agricultural tariff lines will be set at 0% upon entry into force of CETA. 98.8% of Canadian tariff will be duty-free seven years after entry into force.

Canada also convened to increase its EU cheese duty-free importation quota by 17,000 tonnes.

As for Canadian fish and seafood products, 100% of tariffs lines will be duty-free immediately at entry in force of the agreement. Canada also commits to providing most-favored nation treatment to EU member state vessels, meaning they shall receive the same best advantages Canada may be granting to other states' vessels.

3. Wine and spirits

CETA shall incorporate the terms of an existing agreement in this domain: the Canada- EU Wine and Spirits Agreement.

The following favorable conditions for the development of trade in wine and spirits drinks are set out by this agreement:

  1. Mutual recognition of various oenological practices and processes and product specifications (as listed in the Canada-EU Wine and Spirit Annexes);
  2. Establishment of:
    - a list of requirements concerning consumer protection and quality standard practices for new oenological practices or modifications;
    - conditions under which geographical indications of wine and spirit drinks of each Party will be protected in the territory of the other Party;
    - rules of wine certification whereby neither of the Parties can impose a more restrictive system than the one applied on the date of entry into force of the Agreement.
  3. CETA also provides for protection of certain domestic practices such as Quebec's bottling requirements.
  4. Finally, the Agreement shall reduce the “cost of service” that Canadian provinces levy on European wines.

4. Biotechnology

Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures Biotechnology is a technological application that uses living systems and organisms to make useful products.

Genetic engineering of crop and food are examples of these kinds of applications.

Mindful of the impact they have on health, CETA encourages cooperation between regulators regarding this sensitive issue.

The EU and Canada shall also determine equivalency of each other's inspection and certification systems, take sanitary and phytosanitary commitments, and draft dispute settlement provisions for these matters.

Finally, CETA will build on the existing Canada-EU Veterinary Agreement to set a framework for cooperation on issues such as plant health, animal-health and food safety.

5. Customs and trade facilities & Agricultural subsidies - Customs and trade facilities

Just as for industrial products, the Agreement in principle provides for customs and trade facilitation measures such as:

  1. Access to advance rulings on the origin or tariff classification of products;
  2. Automated border procedures where possible;
  3. Impartial and transparent system for addressing complaints about customs rulings and decisions.
  4. Agricultural subsidies

In order to dispose of the surplus of in domestic production of agricultural products onto the world market, governments or their agencies often stimulate the export of such products by granting subsidies to agricultural industries or producers.

Subsidies can take on various forms, such as financing contingent on export performance or subsidies to reduce the costs of marketing, processing and international transport and freight of agricultural products.

Since subsidies have the effect of increasing production and decreasing prices, they may distort competition in the world market if used excessively. Countries that grant less or no subsidies (for financial or regulatory reasons) are generally less competitive on a given market.

The Parties to CETA have addressed this issue by mutually committing to prohibit agricultural export subsidies conditional on tariff elimination; in other words, the Agreement's tariff elimination provisions will only apply to unsubsidized products.

The Agreement will also set forth a mechanism allowing consultation on all forms of government support for agricultural products.

© WEISSBERG LAW FIRM | WEISSBERG LAWYERS 2015




CETA - Introduction (Fr)

CETA - Introduction.

On October 18, 2013, Canada and the European Union (EU) signed the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA).

On October 18, 2013, Canada and the European Union (EU) signed the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). For the moment, this is an agreement in principle that has not yet been ratified or implemented by the two parties (federal and provincial governments, as well as the 28 EU countries) to return in force. This...

This target should be reached by 2015.

However, most of the major problems, set out below, have been resolved.

CETA has an extremely broad scope and applies to almost all sectors of trade between the EU and Canada, namely:
CETA – 1. Elimination of agricultural tariffs
CETA – 2. Elimination of industrial tariffs
CETA - 3. Services market and worker mobility
CETA – 4. Investment protection
CETA - 5. Public procurement
CETA - 6. Intellectual property
CETA - 7. Sustainable development, environment and work
CETA - 8. Dispute resolution and monitoring

(Click on the titles to access the related articles)




United States: the anti-dumping procedure (Fr)

Cahiers juridiques et fiscaux de l’exportation 1993

La loi anti-dumping constitue un élément important de l’arsenal juridique dont disposent les sociétés industrielles américaines, pour se protéger d’une concurrence étrangère qui vend sur le marché américain à un prix considéré comme ne réfléchissant pas la juste valeur du produit (“prices below fair value”).

La loi prévoit qu’une taxe “anti-dumping” viendra s’ajouter aux droits de douane normaux, Si deux conditions sont réunies :
1. que les biens soient vendus aux Etats-Unis au-dessous de leur ‘fair value”
2. qu’une industrie aux Etats-Unis subisse, ou soit menacée de subir, un préjudice réel en raison de ses importations.

Dumping cases therefore have two aspects:
A determination by the Department of Commerce (hereinafter DOC) as to whether
les ventes ont lieu aux Etats-Unis au-dessous de la “fair value” du produit et une
détermination de l’existence d’un préjudice subi par le plaignant par la Commission du
Commerce International (hereinafter ITC).

A) LA DETERMINATION DU DOC SUR L’EXISTENCE DE VENTES AU DESSOUS DE LA JUSTE VALEUR DU PRODUIT : “SALES AT LESS THAN FAIR VALUE”

La loi définit ‘fair value” comme étant, par ordre de préférence :
1. the selling price on the producer's national market, or goods,
2. the selling price on third country markets, or goods,
3. the reconstituted value.
S’il existe des ventes suffisantes sur le marché d’origine, le DOC ne se penchera pas sur les
ventes dans les pays tiers. En revanche, si les ventes sur le marché d’origine ou dans les pays
tiers s’avèrent au-dessous du coût de production, le DOC aura recours à la valeur reconstituée
which is equal to the cost of production plus a minimum of 10 % for overheads and 8 %
of profit.

In general, for sales in the United States, the DOC takes into account the price made by
l’exportateur à l’importateur américain, Il existe cependant des règles particulières lorsque les
ventes sont faites par l’exportateur à des sociétés américaines affiliées.

To establish its basis for comparing sales prices, DOC details all the elements of the
prix tel les frais de transport, d’assurance, de conditionnement, etc., afin d’obtenir un prix ex
facto for each market consistently.

To this end, the DOC obtains the information it needs by sending a
questionnaire détaillé aux principaux exportateurs dans le pays désigné. Pour l’essentiel, les
exporters must describe all their sales in the United States and overseas markets
désignés au cours d’une période de temps qui est généralement de six mois. Cette liste doit
be established invoice by invoice and each item of each invoice is individualized on the list.

L’exportateur a l’obligation de soumettre ces renseignements sur un support papier et sur un
IT support, according to the software model established by DOC.

Lorsque le DOC exige des renseignements relatifs au coût de production, l’exportateur doit
donner les détails de ses coûts pour chaque type ou modèle de produit soumis à l’enquête.

En outre, l’exportateur doit permettre aux membres d’une commission d’enquête du DOC de
se rendre dans ses bureaux et dans ses usines pour vérifier l’exactitude des informations
communicated.

If a foreign company does not respond to the DOC questionnaire, or if a response cannot be
not be verified, the DOC will then use the criterion of the best available information
(“best information available”) pour calculer la marge de dumping. Cette meilleure information
available almost always corresponds to the figures alleged in the complaint.

Knowing this, the complaining companies always report the highest credible margin,
sorte que si l’exportateur étranger ne coopère pas, la pénalité douanière sera très élevée.

B) THE DETERMINATION OF INJURY BY THE ITC (INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION)

The ITC is an administrative agency separate from DOC, which is responsible for deciding whether a
American industry is affected by the discriminatory practice.

La loi définit le préjudice matériel comme étant un préjudice qui n’est pas négligeable.

Pour établir l’existence d’un préjudice matériel, la Commission analyse le volume des
importations, l’effet de ces importations sur les prix, les ventes perdues, la part de marché, les
profits et la productivité des sociétés nationales, la rentabilité, la capacité d’utilisation,
employment, stocks ...

If a complaint is filed against two or more countries, the Commission will determine the volume and
l’effet de ces importations cumulativement.

C) THE PROCEDURE

The law and regulations provide for very strict and very short procedures and deadlines for
each phase of the procedure.

It is therefore essential that the defendant company prepare its answers as quickly as possible.
and as completely as possible, because failure to meet deadlines can be fatal.

Lorsqu’une procédure de dumping est engagée, l’enquête couvre des produits spécifiques en
provenance d’un pays en particulier. Le caractère national de la procédure de dumping a pour
consequence that all producers and exporters in this country are affected by this
procédure, qu’ils soient ou non désignés dans la plainte. Si une décision de dumping est
finalement rendue, elle s’appliquera à toutes les sociétés du pays concerné, qu’elles aient ou
non participé à l’information.

1. Ouverture d’une information par le DOC

Dans les 20 jours qui suivent le dépôt de la plainte, le DOC doit décider s’il y a lieu à
ouverture d’une information. Dans l’affirmative, l’information est ouverte le 20ème jour.

2. Prior determination of ITC

The ITC must complete its preliminary injury determination within 45 days of
follow the filing of the complaint. In order to meet this deadline, the Commission sets the first date
d’audience publique pratiquement immédiatement après l’ouverture de l’ information, en
general on the 21st or 22nd day after filing the complaint.

En raison de ce très bref délai, l’industrie étrangère doit décider, avant que l’information ne
soit ouverte, si elle entend participer à cette audience. Si c’est le cas, elle doit prendre
immediately counsel, gather the evidence and prepare his defense.

En effet, si elle attend que l’information soit effectivement ouverte, elle ne disposera pas du
time needed to prepare for this hearing.

La Commission devant examiner le préjudice subi par l’industrie américaine, c’est le marché
des Etats-Unis qui sera l’objet de sa principale attention. Les sociétés qui importent et vendent
le produit sur le marché américain peuvent être d’un grand secours à cet égard puisqu’elles
know the market much better than the foreign producer. Their participation as well
that that of their client is therefore very important at this stage of the procedure.

Dans les 45 jours qui suivent le dépôt de la plainte, la Commission doit décider s’il existe une
reasonable indication of material damage, based on the best information available to the
Commission à ce moment-là. Si la ITC statue dans l’affirmative alors, la procédure d’enquête
of DOC begins. In the event that the Commission's preliminary determination is
négative, l’affaire est classée.

3. Preliminary determination of the DOC

Within 160 days of filing the complaint, if the ITC has issued an affirmative opinion on the
préjudice, le DOC doit rendre une “détermination préliminaire” sur le point de savoir si les
produits sont vendus au-dessous de leur “fair value”.

Dès qu’il reçoit le feu vert de la ITC, le DOC envoie un questionnaire à tous les principaux
producteurs du pays soumis à l’enquête. Chaque producteur a 30 jours pour répondre et peut,
in general, obtain an additional 15 days. These questionnaires require a
volume considérable d’information générale au sujet de chaque société et demande en outre
that a detailed list be drawn up of all sales made one by one in the United States and
dans le marché étranger au cours de la période soumise à investigation. Il s’agit généralement
d’une période qui couvre les 5 mois précédant le dépôt de la plainte. Les réponses au
questionnaire must be given on a computer diskette in the format proposed by
the DOC. Most of the time, the computerized responses to this sales questionnaire will
several hundred pages long and will have several thousand lines of
information.

In a case concerning the cost of production and the reconstructed value, the questionnaire
DOC will also request information regarding the cost of production of each
échantillon de modèle ou de type de produit soumis à l’enquête. Ces renseignements sont
usually required in chronological order for a full year, divided into
trimestre, plus des renseignements pour la période courant jusqu’au mois du dépôt de la
complaint. For example, If a complaint is filed in July 1987, information on the
costs will likely be required for each quarter of 1986 plus the first two
quarters of 1987.

If the DOC receives the responses to the questionnaires in a timely manner, it will base its determination
préalable sur ces réponses. Dans le cas contraire, il utilisera sa “meilleur source d’information
disponible”.

4. Effects of the DOC's Prior Determination

Si cette détermination préalable est affirmative et que le DOC estime qu’il existe des marges
of dumping, the determination will say what percentage of the US price is exceeded by the
price of the foreign product.

This preliminary determination has two consequences:
a) DOC orders the suspension of liquidation of any pending imports for
products subject to this determination and require importers to deposit an amount
equal to the said margin for any new importation.
b) ITC begins its final injury investigation.

5. Final determination of the DOC

Within 75 days of its preliminary determination, DOC must issue its decision
definitive, determining whether the sales took place below fair value.

Avant de rendre cette décision définitive, les équipes du DOC se rendront dans les bureaux ou les usines de toutes les sociétés qui ont répondu aux questionnaires afin de vérifier l’exactitude de leurs réponses. Toute réponse qui n’a pas été vérifiée sera rejetée et le DOC s’en remettra en général aux marges alléguées dans la plainte comme étant la meilleure source d’information disponible.

If the final determination is affirmative, the DOC will maintain the stay of the liquidation
rights and will modify the margin initially estimated, in accordance with its final result.

Si la détermination définitive du DOC est négative (marge zéro), l’enquête sera close et les
sums deposited will be refunded. A negative final determination is a victory
pour le pays d’exportation. Il arrive cependant qu’un ou plusieurs pays objet d’investigations
reçoivent une décision finale négative du DOC et d’autres une décision affirmative. Dans ce
cas, les premières sociétés ne sont alors plus concernées par l’affaire qui se poursuit contre les
other.

Il est également important de noter que le DOC n’a l’obligation d’enquêter et d’émettre son
questionnaire que pour les sociétés qui représentent une quantité d’exports substantiels pour le
product concerned in each country involved.

Selon l’interprétation du DOC, cela s’applique aux sociétés responsables d’au moins 60 % de
these exports. If a company does not receive a questionnaire, it will however be subject to
a dumping rate corresponding to the average of the rates applied against the companies which have
received the questionnaire.

En conséquence, il est important de déterminer à l’avance ce que la marge particulière d’une
société risque d’être, et, Si elle est basse ou inexistante, de veiller à ce que la société en
question reçoive un questionnaire du DOC. Cela permettra à cette société d’obtenir son propre
rate (hopefully zero) and thus protect against the consequences of the average rate
qui risque d’être très supérieure à celui qui la concernerait. Si le taux actuel de cette société est
equal to zero, it will be exempt from the consequences of the subsequent dumping decision.

6. Retroactive application of dumping rates

Ajoutons à ce qui précède qu’il est possible que des droits de dumping soient imposés rétroactivement jusqu’à 90 jours avant la date de la décision ordonnant la suspension de la liquidation des droits. Cela se produit Si le DOC détermine qu1il y a des “circonstances critiques”. Une telle décision requiert :
I) - a history of dumping of this goods in the United States or elsewhere or that the importer knew that the goods were sold below their fair value and
II) – qu’il y ait eu une importation massive de cette marchandise au cours d’une brève période. Si ces deux conditions sont réunies. les taxes de dumping peuvent être imposées rétroactivement.

7. Final determination of ITC

If the DOC issues a final determination of dumping, the ITC will have to issue a
final determination of damage. The timeframes for this depend on what the
DOC's prior determination was affirmative or negative. In this decision
définitive, la Commission décide si l’industrie nationale a, en fait, subi un préjudice matériel
or If threatened by material injury as a result of the dumped imports.

If the ITC's final determination is affirmative, USDOC will issue an order of
dumping. A partir de ce moment, l’importateur devra consigner le montant estimé des droits
in the amount of the margin when the goods will be imported.

These rights are then subject to liquidation during the following annual verifications, which
peuvent avoir lieu à la demande d’un importateur, d’un exportateur ou d’un producteur
national.

If the ITC's final determination is negative (no prejudice). The case is closed. A
telle décision constitue, à l’évidence une victoire complète pour la partie exportatrice.

CONCLUSION

Usually, a dumping case is completed within 1 month from the filing of
the complaint. The time available to the foreign party to submit the required information
est très court quelques jours seulement dans la phase initiale pour préparer l’audience de la
Commission and only 30 to 45 days to respond to the DOC questionnaire.

Par conséquent, il est dans l’intérêt du pays soumis à l’investigation de commencer la
preparing his defense as soon as possible. This means that decisions regarding the
how to proceed should be taken soon after the complaint is filed and well before
que l’information soit ouverte. Cette préparation à l’avance concerne aussi bien l’audience de
ITC that the preparation of the information necessary for the response to the
DOC. Les sociétés qui seront en mesure de s’assurer 4 à 6 semaines de préparation
supplémentaires en préparant leurs réponses à l’avance auront le plus de chances de succès
dans l’issue finale.

D’autre part, pour les raisons exposées plus haut, chaque exportateur a intérêt à protéger sa
propre position en prenant des dispositions aussi tôt que possible, après qu’une plainte ait été
déposée contre une société de son pays, voire même avant, s’il est informé qu’une telle plainte
est sur le point d’être déposée.